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As the demand for solar power continues to grow, there needs to be a clear focus on different key issues in the life cycle of a solar cell. These issues are: efficiency, durability and cost. Coupling PerkinElmer’s application knowledge and experience together with our product portfolio, we can help manufacturers overcome these obstacles. At PerkinElmer, we’re taking action to ensure the quality of our environment.
There is a growing body of evidence showing that there are significant differences between some nanomaterials and their non-nanoscale counterparts. What those differences portend raises many new questions about their potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.
Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) occurs naturally in groundwaters at concentrations below 0.2 mg/L and up to 12 mg/L in surface waters, as a result of decomposition of organic matter. High concentrations of ammonia in surface waters are toxic to aquatic life and are indicative of contamination from industrial effluent, raw sewage and agricultural runoff. Ultimately the pH value of the water determines whether ammonia-nitrogen is found as NH4+, NH4OH or NH3. 1 In this application, the quantitative analysis of ammonia-nitrogen was performed using the LAMBDA 265™ UV/Vis spectrophotometer and CHEMetrics ammonia nitrogen cell test.
Epifluorescence (2D) imaging of superficially implanted mouse tumor xenograft models offers a fast and simple method for assessing tumor progression or response to therapy. This approach for tumor assessment requires the use of near infrared (NIR) imaging agents specific for different aspects of tumor biology, and this Application Note highlights the ease and utility of multiplex NIR fluorescence imaging to characterize the complex biology within tumors growing in a living mouse.
Optical-based in vivo imaging of vascular changes and vascular leak is an emerging modality for studying altered physiology in a variety of different cancers and inflammatory states. A number of fluorescent imaging probes that circulate with the blood, but have no target selectivity, have been used to detect tumor leakiness as an indication of abnormal tumor vasculature. Inflammation is also characterized by distinct vascular changes, including vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, which are induced by the actions of various inflammatory mediators. This process is essential for facilitating access for appropriate cells, cytokines, and other factors to tissue sites in need of healing or protection from infection. This application note investigates the use of three fluorescent imaging probes, to detect and monitor vascular leak and inflammation in preclinical mouse breast cancer models.
The use of IR imaging expands the measurement possibilities by giving information about the individual types of materials present in the collected particles. The information from the IR imaging experiment is not only qualitative (i.e. identification of the particulates), but can also be calibrated to give quantitative information on the components present. The IR imaging measurement will take only five minutes, whereas Ion Chromatography requires solvent extraction of the particulates and would take around 20-25 minutes per sample
This work investigated the transfer of Ag and CuO nanoparticles from consumer products via simulated dermal contact by using textile wipes as a surrogate using PerkinElmer’s NexION ICP-MS single particle analyzer with the unique Syngistix Nano Application software module for data collection and analysis
In surface waters, phosphorus commonly exists in its phosphate form. A high concentration of phosphate in water is indicative of domestic waste, industrial effluent, and agricultural runoff which can lead to eutrophication. Eutrophication causes an increase in plant and algal growth, which decreases the dissolved oxygen in the water, often leaving the water uninhabitable to organisms. In this application, the quantitative analysis of ortho-phosphate was performed using the LAMBDA 265 UV/Vis spectrophotometer and CHEMetrics ortho-phosphate cell test kit.
Nitrate ions react with 2,6-dimethyl phenol (DMP) in sulfuric and phosphoric solution to form 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol (Figure 2) which can be detected spectrophotometrically at 340 nm and is directly proportional to the nitrate-nitrogen concentration. The Merck test kit allows the concentration to be determined without the use of a calibration curve by multiplying the measured absorbance at 340 nm by a known factor. In this application, the quantitative analysis of nitrate was performed using the LAMBDATM 265UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Merck Spectroquant® cell test. The method used is analogous to DIN 38405-9.
This work demonstrates a robust method using SP-ICP-MS technology to detect CeO2 NPs which were extracted from soil samples with tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP). Over the past few decades, engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been increasingly used in many commercial products. As a result, more and more ENPs have been released into the environment, which raises concerns over their fate, toxicity and transport therein.
The primary goal of this technical note is to guide the user through the accessory selection process for different specular/ diffuse samples. This will be achieved by measuring identical samples with varying contributions of diffuse and specular reflection, on three different reflection accessories, and then comparing the spectra generated.
Clinical chemistry uses chemical processes to measure levels of chemical components in the blood. It is very useful for the early diagnostic of disease and for monitoring organ function. The most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood and urine and this application note shows the common blood tests and measurable items using UV/Vis spectrophotometers as determined by the enzymatic method.
In the textile industry, the use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing due to their ability to provide UV protection, increase the hydrophilic nature of fabrics, provide antibacterial characteristics, and reduce odors. This work studies the release of TiO2 NPs from various commercial textile products which do not advertise that TiO2 NPs have been added.
Iron is rarely found in its elemental form in nature due to the high tendency of its ions, Fe(II) and Fe(III), to form oxygen and sulphur containing compounds. Concentrations of iron found in surface waters are typically no greater than 1 mg/L, unless contaminated by industrial effluents, whilst much higher concentrations are found in ground waters. The World Health Organization guideline for iron in drinking water is 0.3 mg/L as undesirable bacteria growth in water systems occurs above this concentration. In this application, the quantitative analysis of iron was performed using the LAMBDA 265™ UV/Vis spectrophotometer and CHEMetrics iron cell test kit.
Measuring the amount of metals in CNTs presents a challenge. High levels can be measured directly in the solid by several techniques, including XRF and TEM, while low-level analysis requires complete digestion of the sample prior to analysis by ICP-OES or ICP-MS.
The measurement of the band gap of materials is important in the semiconductor, nanomaterial and solar industries. This note demonstrates how the band gap of a material can be determined from its UV absorption spectrum
Combination drugs containing Paracetamol and Aspirin are widely used analgesics with anti-inflammatory properties for treatment of migraines. Both active ingredients have a similar mode of action, whereby they inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, by preventing the production of prostaglandins which cause pain, inflammation, and fever. UV/Vis spectrometry is a fast and commonly used technique in quality control laboratories for routine analysis of purity and quantity of components within various stages of a product’s manufacture in many industries.
Through the years, both industry and analytical instrumentation have advanced. With the development of new chemicals and processes, new pollutants may enter the environment. However, the capabilities of analytical instruments have also increased, allowing the measurement of ever lower levels of environmental contaminants, as well as new pollutants.
With the potential to treat a wide range of disease, from organ damage to congenital defects, stem cell research and tissue engineering form the underlying basis of regenerative medicine. Significant advances in the science of skin regeneration, for example, have now made it possible to develop and grow artificial skin grafts in a lab for treatment of burn victims. Other therapeutic applications include the use of stem cells to treat and repair central nervous system diseases such as ischemia and cerebral palsy, cardiovascular diseases, as well as autoimmune diseases including type I diabetes.
Principle Total phosphoric compounds in water sample is changed to phosphate (PO4 -) form by oxidation. After treatment with ammonium molybdate • ascorbic acid solution, blue color is created. This color is measured at 880 nm. In this application note, the quantitative analysis of total phosphorus (T-P) was performed by as-corbic acid method. Data are rapidly acquired using LAMBDA™ 465 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and processed using UV Lab™ Software.
Quantification methods for total protein are among the longest-established fundamental and important experiments of bioscience. UV/Vis Spectrophotometry is widely used for the determination of protein. This application note describes a typical protein method, the Bradford method. Data is rapidly acquired using the LAMBDA™ 465 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer and processed using the UV Lab Software
In this application, the quantitative analysis of formaldehyde was successfully executed using the LAMBDA 265 UV/Vis spectrophotometer and Merck Spectroquant formaldehyde cell test kit. Principle Formaldehyde reacts with chromotropic acid in sulphuric solution to form a violet dye which can be detected photometrically at 565 nm. The formaldehyde cell test kit is appropriate for the concentration range of 0.10 to 8.00 mg/L formaldehyde allowing the concentration of formaldehyde in a water sample to be determined without the use of a calibration curve by multiplying the measured absorbance at 565 nm by a known factor.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) has announced that its new standards for elemental impurities in drug products will be implemented on January 1, 2018. General Chapters <232> and <2232> specify the list of elements and their permissible daily exposure (PDE) limits based on the route of administration.
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a major reason for late stage termination of drug discovery research projects, highlighting the importance of early integration of liver safety assessment in the drug development process. A technical approach for in vivo toxicology determination was developed using Acetaminophen (APAP), a commonly used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug, to induce acute hepatocellular liver injury.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been of significant interest over the last two decades as they offer attractive benefits for drug delivery to overcome limitations in conventional chemotherapy. 3 Nanoparticles can be engineered to carry both drugs and imaging probes to simultaneously detect and treat cancer. They may also be designed to specifically target diseased tissues and cells in the body. A number of nanoparticlebased cancer therapeutics have been approved for clinical use and/or are currently under development.
The efficiency of molecular manipulations involving nucleic acids is heavily dependent on the concentration and purity of the nucleic acid in a sample. The quantification of oligonucleotide is readily accomplished by taking advantage of the absorbance of UV light. Thus, UV light analysis may be used to derive information about the concentration of the sample. This application note describes the quantification of an oligonucleotide using a LAMBDA™ 465 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer.
In this work, we demonstrate that PerkinElmer's NexION® 2000 ICP-MS, with its unique RF generator and ion optics, coupled with the Syngistix™ Nano Application Software Module, can be used to accurately measure and characterize NP sizes of 10 nm and smaller, both alone and in a mixture of NPs of various sizes.
The data shows the suitability of the LAMBDA 265 for producing rapid, high-quality spectra. It also shows that the instrument is able to measure the higher nanoparticle sizes, even though these scatter light to a greater extent due to the increased particle size and also settle out more quickly
UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy is used to study the optical properties of photovoltaic cells. The various phenomena involved (reflectance, transmittance, absorbance) are considered along with the equipment required to measure them. The study is based on a silicon cell and involves calculations to determine its selective reflectivity.
UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy has evolved to a very powerful characterization tool of carbon nanotube dispersions and has thus contributed a significant share to the insights on nanotube purity, functionalization and sorting that were elaborated the past years.
Cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are the most widely used of platinum-based cancer chemotherapy drugs in the Western world. Cisplatin's effectiveness is due to its ability to bind to the DNA, resulting in DNA-platinum (Pt) adducts, which bend the DNA. The cells must then repair the DNA damage, otherwise DNA replication is blocked resulting in cell death. Many cancers are initially sensitive to platinum-based treatment, but patients frequently relapse with tumors displaying resistance to further cisplatin therapy.
Chromium (VI) ions react with diphenylcarbazide in weakly phosphoric solution. The product, diphenylcarbazone, is a red-violet complex which can be detected photometrically at 550 nm. The chromate cell test kit is suitable for the concentration range of 0.11 – 4.46 mg/L chromate allowing the concentration of chromium(VI) in a water sample to be determined without the use of a calibration curve by multiplying the measured absorbance at 550 nm with a known factor.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is used as an indirect measurement of the sum of oxidizable matter in water and measures the equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds. Wastewater commonly contains organic compounds, as a result of industrial processes, which can oxidise in the presence of dissolved oxygen in the water. Low levels of dissolved oxygen can be detrimental to aquatic life but high levels may cause corrosion of metal pipes. It is important to use COD as an indicator of water quality. In this application, quantitative analysis of COD was performed using the LAMBDA 265TM UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Merck Spectroquant® COD mercury free cell test.
When a water sample containing nitrate ions is treated with brucine in sulfuric acid condition, a yellow compound is created. The quantity of nitrate nitrogen can be determined by measuring the absorbance of the yellow compound at 410 nm. In this application note, the quantitative analysis of Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) was performed by Brucine method. Data was rapidly acquired using the LAMBDA™ 465 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer and processed using the UV Lab™ Software.
This work has demonstrated the ability of the NexION 2000 ICP-MS to analyze both natural and drinking water samples in Standard (i.e. non-cell) mode, in accordance with U.S. EPA Method 200.8. Accuracy has been demonstrated through the analysis of several reference materials and spike recoveries, with stability of at least nine hours. Method detection limits allow for trace-level determinations, while the ability to selectively suppress user-defined isotopes also allows the measurement of analyte levels usually only possible by ICP-OES or Flame AA. The NexION 2000 provides a comprehensive solution to the challenge of U.S. EPA Method 200.8 and other drinking and natural water analytical requirements across the globe.
Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is a raw material used in the production of margarine and other vegetable oil based food products. CPO is traded and there are quality specifications based on free fatty acids (FFAs) as well as moisture and impurities. Margarine manufacturers also want to assess the CPO’s ‘fitness for refining’ which is measured by the Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI). A DOBI index of less than 1.8 indicates a poor quality oil; a DOBI index > 3 indicates a high quality oil.
We evaluated a 3M® visible mirror film for potential use in a new curved photovoltaic module using a LAMBDA 950 spectrophotometer with an ARTA accessory. In this application, the 3M® film must transmit near-infrared photons to the underlying silicon solar cells (where they will be converted directly to electricity) while reflecting visible photons to the focus of the module where they may be absorbed by, for example a wavelength-agnostic thermal absorber used to drive a heat engine.
Advanced instrumentation is key to work in nano-materials. Functional tools such as optical and thermal measurement techniques allow the characterization of materials. As such, they complement imaging tools such AFM and TEM-SEM which give spatial information on the structure of the materials. This poster presents examples of recent challenging measurements carried out in band gap analysis, plasmon resonance and polymorphic structure.
Targeted cancer therapy aims to block key signaling pathways that are critical for tumor cell growth and survival. The blockage eventually results in cell death via apoptosis and tumor growth suppression. Encouraged by the success in clinical development, many academic and pharmaceutical researcher are in active pursuit of the improvement of next generation targeted anti-cancer drugs. As a result, many new chemical and biological entities are emerging from initial screening of in vitro, in vitro and/or in silico selection processes. From the perspective of drug development, it poses a great challenge on the next stage of in vivo validation and demands a robust, accurate, and efficient method for assessment of these candidates in living animal models.
From the start of our busy days to the end, electricity is the life blood that keeps us going. We cook, heat, clean, light, work, communicate and are entertained all driven by electricity. The most common modes of generation are hydro, nuclear geothermal or fossil fuel powered. There is a clear need throughout the world to develop clean renewable sustainable sources of power to support growing economies and reduce our carbon footprint.
Cancer chemotherapy can produce severe side effects such as suppression of immune function and damage to heart muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. If serious enough, tissue injury can be a major reason for late stage termination of drug discovery research projects, so it is becoming more important to integrate safety/toxicology assessments earlier in the drug development process. There are a variety of traditional serum markers, tailored mechanistically to specific tissues, however there are no current non-invasive assessment tools that are capable of looking broadly at in situ biological changes in target and non-target tissue induced by chemical insult.
Targeted cancer therapy aims to block key signaling pathways that are critical for tumor cell growth and survival. The blockage eventually results in cell death via apoptosis and eventual tumor growth suppression. This strategy has proven to be quite effective, and the FDA has approved several targeted therapeutics in the past decade. Encouraged by the success in clinical development, many academic and pharmaceutical researchers are in active pursuit of improved next generation targeted anti-cancer drugs. As a result, many new chemical and biological entities are emerging from initial screening of in vitro, in vitro and/or in silico selection processes. From the perspective of drug development, it poses a great challenge for the next stage of in vivo validation and demands a robust, accurate, and efficient method for assessment of these candidates in living animal models.
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